•Soils Alfisoles
A) General:
Soil minerals mature, well Developer. With a clear horizon surface color (epipedón ócrico) or dark color (epipedón úmbrico) and an underlying layer of alluvial accumulation of clay (argillite horizon horizon), and a few very deep deep (60 to> 120 cm). Highlight is flat to very steep, with a low to medium fertility; developed from rocks acidic, basic, metamorphic, sedimentary material undifferentiated and shale strata.
B) Location:
They are distributed in blocks or units of soils throughout the country, especially in the South Atlantic Autonomous Region (Municipality of Paiwas) in the North Central Region, in the departments of Jinotega and Matagalpa and in the Pacific, dominate in the Departments of Carazo and Rivas. For their characteristics are the best soils for agricultural activities.
C) Climate:
The average annual rainfall varies from 800 to 3500 mm, with annual average temperature ranging between 18 ° and 26 ° C biotemperatura varying between 11 ° and 26 ° C. The areas of life are among dry tropical forest and very humid Premontane Tropical Forest.
D) Geomorphology and relief:
They are located in the physiographic provinces Earth Adds Interior, the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Nicaraguan Depression, Volcanic Pacific Coast and Pacific. With ranks ranging from 0-75% slope of the terrain is flat to steep relief.
E) Drainage:
The internal drainage in these soils vary from poor, moderate and well-drained, it can be found in some areas during rainy seasons, the fluctuating water table at a depth of 20 cm.
F) Morphological Characteristics:
The characteristics of these soils are clay texture of a frank and candid sandy clay, with colors ranging from brown to very dark grayish brown and reddish brown yellow, becoming more clear to deeper; internal soil drainage ranges from poor to good drained, with depths that vary from deep to shallow.
G) Chemical characteristics:
The characteristics of these soils are: the organic matter content varies from high to very low pH is strongly acid to neutral, with a percentage of saturation of bases ranging from high to low and have a cation exchange capacity of high to very low.
H) Use potential:
These soils are suitable for crops such as maize, sorghum, sesame, sugar cane, cassava, rice, banana, pineapple, etc.. In outstanding ranging from 0-15% taking into account the appropriate conservation and management measures; some areas problems with internal drainage of the soil (imperfect and poor) are suitable for grazing. Soils with ranges of 15-30% slopes are suitable for crops such as grasses, pineapple, some fruit, silvopasturas, agro-forestry, conservation practices; forest production, protection and conservation, with its appropriate management plans. Soils with ranges of 30-50% slopes are suitable for agro-forestry, with its conservation practices; forest exploitation, forest protection and forest conservation and soil slopes with> 50% are fit only for forest protection and conservation , in all cases with their respective forest management plans.
•Soils Ultisols
A) General:
They are drained soils that have a domestic natural imperfect to well-drained, deep to very deep relief is flat to very steep, the natural fertility is low values to average, with a variable content of aluminum, have developed rocks basic, intermediate and sour, alluvial sediments, and coluviales river.
B) Location:
Predominate in the autonomous regions of the North Atlantic and South Atlantic, and in the North Central Region, in the departments of Matagalpa and Jinotega.
C) Climate:
The areas of life in which they find themselves from these soils are dry tropical forest until Premontane Tropical Forest very wet, with rainfall averages ranging from 1000 to 6000 mm per year, with annual average temperatures ranging between 18 and 37 ° C and values biotemperatura of between 18 ° and 22 ° C average.
D) Geomorphology and relief:
They are located in the Highlands physiographic provinces of the Interior, the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Nicaraguan Depression, with slope presenting ranges from 1 to 75%, almost flat to very steep.
E) Drainage:
The domestic natural drainage of these soils vary from well drained to imperfect, in some areas where natural drainage is imperfect the water table in rainy seasons is maintained between 40-50 cm deep down more than one meter deep in time dry.
F) Morphological Characteristics:
The Ultisols submit the following morphological characteristics: French clay surface textures and clay, clay texture of the subsoil of the very clay; pale colors in the topsoil, dark brown to grayish brown yellowish clear, subsoil colors vary from dark brown to brown Dark red, in some cases colors in the basement of the product hidromorfismo vary from gray to brown clear light gray.
G) physical chemical characteristics:
Values of very strong acid to moderately acidic, the percentage of saturation of the bases is very low to medium, the cation exchange capacity is low to medium, the percentage of aluminum interchange is low to very high, the percentage of iron self it is high to low and the percentage of phosphorus assimilable is low to médium.
H) Use potential:
According to its characteristics edafoclimáticas these soils, land with outstanding range <15%, are suitable for annual crops such as sorghum, maize, vegetables, cotton, beans, rice, cassava; semievergreen for crops such as sugarcane, banana, , pineapple; for perennial crops such as fruit, citrus, African palm, pastures and woods, with their conservation practices and forest management plans. Soils with gradients of up to 30% are eligible for silvopastoril management, agro-forestry and forest, with its practices and management plans. Soils with remaining 30-50% are suitable for agro-forestry and forest practices and management plans. The remaining soil with> 50% are suitable for forest protection or conservation of the flora and fauna.