About 70% of this big island is covered by limestone. The location, close to the equator, is the reason why this limestone is developed as Tower Karst. The high amount of solution results in karstified limestone mountains all over the island.

Of course there are other interesting geologic features on Cuba, for example the famous Iridium anomaly which is connected with an meteor which hit nearby. This happened at the border between the Creataceous and the Tertiary, right the time when the dinosaurs disappeared. The meteor theory is one of several, trying to explain this mass extinction.

Cuba, land of limestone and caves is one of the largest islands in the Antilles, 1250km long and between 191 and 31km wide. It is a country about the size of England where limestone forms 66% of the landscape, much of which is well developed mogote and cone karst. The longest caves are found in the western province of Pinar del Río, where the Organos and Rosario mountains are steep and afforested, separated by deep dolines and broad poljes. The finest limestone towers of the Sierra Organos, near Vinales contain many large caves, including the Gran Caverna de San Tomós with a length of 47km.

The Sierra Maestre, eastern Cuba, is a classic karst area with many deep gorges and dolines. The island's deepest cave the Cueva Jibara -246m is found here.

The Matanzas karst to the east of Havana has some remarkable caves. The Cueva del Gato Jibaro is 11km long. Whilst the Cueva de Bellamar has some fabulous calcite crystals over 50cm long. The Cueva Santa Catalina is renown for its cave mushrooms which are over a metre in height. They are composed of fragments of calcite 'ice' which forms on the gours pools.

There is a spectacular deep cone karst in the Camaguey region, which because of the difficulties of exploration, is virtually unexplored. Caves are known in many other regions, both on the mainland and on the smaller islands, for instance, the small island of Cayo Caguanes has over 12km of surveyed caves.

Outside of four distinctly mountainous areas, the topography is subdued with elevations less than 100 meters (Faribridge, 1975b). The major mountain range is the Sierra Maestra in the southeastern part of Cuba. Pico Turquino, at an elevation of 1974 meters, is the highest peak in Cuba. Many other peaks higher than 1000 meters are present in this mountain range. The eastern end of Cuba is the most rugged part with the Sierra Maestra in the southeast and the Baracos Highlands in the northeast. The central part of the island includes the Santa Clara Hills rising to roughly 200 meters and the Escambray Mountains rising to nearly 700 meters. The Havana and Matanzas Highlands are found in the north-central part of the island near Havana. This is a structurally complex area. A mountainous are known as the Sierra de los Organos is found in the northwest. It is underlain by limestone producing a tropical cone karst landscape with ridgetops and peaks reaching 300 to 700 meters. Cuba is geologically diverse island. Many of the coastal plains and interior valleys are underlain by Quaternary to Recent sediments. As noted earlier, the Sierra de los Organos represents are of predominantly limestone. The Havana and Matanzas Highlands and the Santa Clara Hills are underlain by folded and faulted sedimentary bedrock. Sandstones, conglomerates, shales, and dolomites of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are predominant. Various metamorphic rock types make up the Escambray Mountains. In the east, the Sierra Maestra is badly folded layers of sandstone, shale, breccia, and limestone of Paleocene age. Considerable amounts of serpentine and peridotite are exposed within folded sedimentary rock units in neighboring Baracos Highlands.